See Hillwood's Russian glories and gardens

The entrance to Determined Women at the dacha at Hillwood Estate, Museum and Gardens/by Patricia Leslie

The Hillwood Estate, Museum and Gardens is a respite of soothing and enchanting glorious springtime colors where guests may wander lush grounds, and walk green pathways to admire endless flower gardens.

A sense of peace and serenity prevails; time is unhurried.

One pathway leads to a small Russian dacha*, built about 1969 and the setting of an exhibition of 100 pieces from the collection of Marjorie Merriweather Post (1887-1973) who lived and died at Hillwood and made it what it is today: luxurious galleries and a museum of incredible works of art.

The Grand Duchesses, the four daughters of Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia, Olga, Tatiana, Marie and Anastasia, 1916, two years before they were murdered.

 Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, 1906, whose daughters are pictured above.

Left:  Star of the Order of Saint Anna, 19th cent. St. Petersburg, silver, diamonds and enamel. Translated from the front:  To those who love justice, piety, and faith. In the center is the Russian imperial eagle.

Right:  Badge of the Order of Saint Anna, 19th cent. Russia, gold, diamonds, enamel/by Patricia Leslie

Ms. Post's inheritance as the only child of her parents no doubt made possible her philanthropic efforts and marshaled her business smarts (she founded General Foods with her second husband**).

At age 27 she was the richest woman in the U.S.

Her father had founded the Post cereal company.

Georgii Musikiiskii (miniaturist), after Johann Gottfried Tannauer, Abraham Heydrich (watchmaker), 1725, watch with miniature portrait of Catherine I, Peter the Great's second wife, gold, silver, diamonds, enamel, copper, St. Petersburg. The ceiling lights at the exhibition are reflected on the watch/by Patricia Leslie

Back of the watch above/By Patricia Leslie

Her admiration of influential women and their designs, works, and artistry form the basis of the exhibition, Determined Women: Collectors, Artists, and Designers at Hillwood which begins in the 1700s and continues to present day. (A curator has added recent pieces about, for example, Stacey Abrams.)

For any cultural and history Russophile like me, the dacha brimming with priceless, historical pieces is another magnificent "find" in Washington, D.C.

After Elisabeth Louise Vigee-Lebrun, Portrait of Marie Antoinette and Children, after 1787, at Versailles with the jewel cabinet of Marie Antoinette on the right.

Christina Sanders Robinson (1796-1854), Portrait of Nicholas I, 1840, Russia. His grandmother was Catherine the Great.

Two evening dresses of Ms. Post, the one on the left by Thum (1865-1954), 1920-1925, and the one on the right, by Hattie Carnegie (1886-1956), 1935-1940/by Patricia Leslie

Embroidery by Aunte Mollie Post, Marjorie Merriweather Post's baby bonnet, n.d./by Patricia Leslie

Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov, designer, altar cloth, c. 1899, Russia/by Patricia Leslie

 

 Needlework by Caroline Lathrop Post, 1854/by Patricia Leslie

Joseph E. Davies was Ms. Post's third husband who took her to Moscow when he was U.S. ambassador to Russia, 1937-1938. Those years coincided with the 20th anniversary of the Russian Revolution and Joseph Stalin's sale of Russian imperial and pre-revolutionary works, money he needed for his industrial agenda.

Carpe diem!

And Ms. Post did! Now, outside of Russia, her Russian collection is considered the best in the world. (What would Mr. Putin exchange for it? Or, some of it?)

Many more Russian artifacts are on display in the mansion.

From left: Maid of Honor Cypher Pin, 1796-1801.  The cypher states for Empress Maria Feodorovna, wife of Emperor Paul I.  These pins were worn on the left side of the breast by Maids of Honor to the Empress. Gold, diamonds, Russia.

Center: Another Maid of Honor Cypher Pin, 1907. Attributed to the firm of Karl Karlovich Hahn.  The pin consists of the ciphers in Russian letters of the last two Empresses, Maria Feodorovna and Alexandra Feodorovna. It was given in 1907 to Irene Rimsky-Korsakoff (1883-1972) (Madame Mishtowt of D.C.). The ciphers are topped by the imperial cleft crown of Russia, all set in diamonds with gold and silver, St. Petersburg

Right: Attributed to Carl C. Blank, Lady of Honor Insignia with miniature portraits of Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, 1912. Gold, diamonds, silver, silver gilt, glass, St. Petersburg/by Patricia Leslie

Three busts of Empress Catherine II. 

From left, by Felix Chopin (1813-1892), made in Russia, c. 1867. 

In the center is a marble by an unknown sculptor, made in Russia, after 1771. 

On the right, by August Spiess, designer (1817-1904), the Imperial Porcelain Factory, St. Petersburg, after 1872 after a model by Jacques-Dominique Rachette (1744-1809) based on a marble original by Fedot Ivanovich Shubin (1740-1805)/by Patricia Leslie

Mather Brown (1761-1831), King Louis XVI Saying Farewell to his Family, 1793, U.S.A.

A pathway at Hillwood/by Patricia Leslie

At Hillwood/by Patricia Leslie

Determined Women at Hillwood/by Patricia Leslie

Despite its small size, the exhibition packs two rooms with photographs, paintings, sculpture, jewelry, embroidery and more, a "must see" for Russian cultural aficionados.

But you don't have to love Russian history, culture, and people to want to come since it's more than all things Russian. Artists and designers from other nations, especially France, are represented, along  with dress designers of her own whom Ms. Post admired.  And, I am guessing it was a relative who made Ms. Post's baby bonnet.

Pictures, descriptions and locations of all the objects in the exhibition may be found here. 

After she and Mr. Davies divorced in 1955, Ms. Post established Hillwood where she is buried on the grounds. (She reclaimed her maiden name after her fourth and last marriage.)

Of note: Ms. Post built and owned Mar-A-Lago in Florida, another of her "notable" five homes before Donald Trump, the present owner, bought it in 1985 for about $10 million. She had willed it to the National Park Service which deemed it too expensive to maintain. Forbes places the current value around $160 million.

The Hillwood exhibition accompanies a new publication, The Houses and Collections of Marjorie Merriweather Post ($60, hardcover; $30, paperback).

*A dacha is a small Russian country house or villa. In 2017, approximately 60 million Russians or more than 40 percent of the population of 145 million, were estimated to own one.

**Ms. Post's husbands were, in order:

Edward Bennett Close (married 1905; divorced 1919)

Edward Francis Hutton (m. 1920; d. 1935)

Joseph E. Davies (m. 1935; d. 1955)

Herbert A. May (m. 1958; d. 1964)

What: Determined Women: Collectors, Artists, and Designers at Hillwood

When: Now through Sunday, June 18, 2023, 10 a.m. - 5 p.m. Closed Mondays.

Where: Hillwood Estate, Museum & Gardens, 4155 Linnean Avenue, NW, Washington, D.C. 20008

Admission: Suggested donations are $18 (adults), $15 (seniors), $10 (college students), $5 (child, ages 6 -18) and free for members and those under age 6. $3 discounts are available for adults and seniors who make reservations online for weekdays, and $1 off, for weekends. For busy times (Mother's Day, anyone?), reservations are highly recommended.

Directions via bus, rail, car

Parking: Free and on-site

For more information: 202-686-5807

Café onsite

patricialesli@gmail.com

Assassinate Putin? Discuss

 

Olena Zelenska, the first lady of Ukraine, accepted the Dissident Human Rights Award at the Victims of Communism Annual Captive Nations Summit held at the Victims of Communism Museum, July 19, 2022/Photo by Patricia Leslie

The question was posed to a panel at the Victims of Communism Annual Captive Nations Summit last month at its new museum in Washington.

Peter Humphrey who identified himself as a former diplomat asked the question.

For a few seconds, stunned silence filled the room. The 50 or so in attendance wondered if they had heard correctly.

They had.

Finally, panel member Marek Jan Chodakiewicz, blurted out the obvious: Do you mean, kill Putin?

Yes was the reply.

Olena Zelenska, the first lady of Ukraine, second from right, with officials from the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation including, from left, Ambassador Andrew Bremberg, Edwin J. Fuelner, and Ambassador Aldona Wos at the Victims of Communism Captive Nations Summit held at the Victims of Communism Museum, July 19, 2022/Photo by Patricia Leslie

After a few seconds of silence, Mr. Chodakiewicz said an assassination really wouldn't achieve anything since the Russian government would just pick up the pieces and continue.

Eliminating Putin means someone else would step in and take over, and not necessarily for the better.

Brian Whitmore, a nonresident senior fellow at the Atlantic Council’s Eurasia Center and another panel member, agreed. At least, Putin is a known quantity, more or less.

Panel members from left, Brian Whitmore, Michael Sawkiw Jr., Marek Jan Chodakiewicz, and Milda Boyce, moderator, at the Victims of Communism Captive Nations Summit, July 19, 2022/Photo by Patricia Leslie

At the event, the first lady of Ukraine, Olena Zelenska, was present to receive the Dissident Human Rights Award, and she spoke briefly before leaving for the White House and a meeting with President Joe Biden and first lady Jill Biden.

In a somber mood, Ms. Zelenska, in her remarks, renewed focus on those fighting communism, denouncing Joseph Stalin's legacy which must not be permitted to continue.

On the panel, Mr. Chodakiewicz noted that Ukraine is not drawing as much attention in Europe as expected.

"Spain is more concerned about the invasion from Africa" than Putin's invasion of Ukraine.

Chodakiewicz is a Polish-American historian who specializes in Central European history of the 19th and 20th centuries and teaches at Patrick Henry College and the Institute of World Politics.

He said Kazakstan, Poland, Belarus and more are on Putin's "menu."The "land bridge" to Crimea allows Putin's "incrementalism" and although Putin knows he's not immortal, he has no incentive to stop his aggression, but perhaps he may move "more slowly."

No one is calling for the destruction of Russia.

Also on the panel was Michael Sawkiw, Jr., a member of the Ukrainian Congress Committee of America Executive Board, who said Russia denies the facts, makes war and claims victory.

"Putin will never negotiate until he has to negotiate." Putin has noted how he wants to emulate Peter the Great. (Watch out, Baltics!)

Whitmore said this coming December will be the centennial anniversary of the founding of the Soviet Union. In 1922, the West was "not engaged." It's a very different world now. 

Putin is "very cognizant of the anniversary and he would like nothing more than to put Russia back" the way it was. Georgia is on his radar, too.

"We're kind of in 1947 and everybody's got to watch their backs."

The Victims of Communism Memorial Statue at the Victims of Communism Museum/Photo by Patricia Leslie

At the Victims of Communism Museum/Photo by Patricia Leslie

The Victims of Communism Museum has several small galleries with artifacts and photographs devoted to the message of fighting communism/Photo by Patricia Leslie

At the Victims of Communism Museum/Photo by Patricia Leslie

At the Victims of Communism Museum/Photo by Patricia Leslie

At the Victims of Communism Museum/Photo by Patricia Leslie

At the Victims of Communism Museum/Photo by Patricia Leslie

On the second panel Hyun-seung Lee, Ambassador Martin Palous, and John Suarez addressed "The Lessons of Ukraine for Captive Nations Around the World" with Carlos Ponce, moderating.

They talked about North Korea, Cuba, and other nations where freedom is unknown.

"Freedom is not free," Lee said. If you don't fight for freedom, it will not survive.

Ambassador Paula Dobriansky is a VOC trustee and the daughter of former Ambassador Lev Dobriansky, chairman emeritus of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation which hosted the event.

She sent a video message that the VOC Foundation "stands in solidarity with the nations around the world held captive by communism."

Those nations were identified as China, Iran, Cuba, Vietnam, Laos, North Korea and possibly, Ethiopia.

Ambassador Dobriansky said that victims of communism will not be forgotten, but "let us recommit ourselves to the defense and promotion of individual liberty."

At the Victims of Communism Museum/Photo by Patricia Leslie

At the close of the gathering and before lunch, five members of the Carpathia Folk Dance Ensemble dressed in native Eastern European costumes and waving colorful floral wreaths, entertained attendees with graceful dancing.

The Victims of Communism Museum opened June 13, 2022 and is a $40 million project supported by the nations of Poland, Hungary, Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia, among others.

On its website, the museum says it is dedicated to the estimated 100 million people killed by the murderous ideology in the past century, as well as to the 1.5 billion others still living under its jackboot.

The Victims of Communism Museum/Photo by Patricia Leslie

What: Victims of Communism Museum

Where: 900 15th St., NW, Washington, D.C., across the street from McPherson Square.

When: Monday - Friday, 9 a.m. - 3 p.m.

Cost: No charge

Metro station: McPherson Square

For more information: info@victimsofcommunism.org(202) 629-9500

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Post-Putin Russia

Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny on Tverskaya Street, Moscow, Mar. 26, 2017/Wikipedia

Navalny, the film, was the subject of a program last week at the Wilson Center's Kennan Institute. 

Other topics came up.

The Kennan's Izabella Tabarovsky  moderated discussion of the "thriller," as she called it, with Leonid Volkov, Alexei Navalny's former chief of staff, and  Maria Pevchikh, head of investigations for the Anti-Corruption Foundation. 

Navalny established the Foundation in 2011 which the Moscow City Court extinguished last June.

Ms. Pevchikh urged that sanctions on Russia remain: "Putin should not be able to get away with what he did."

"Keep pushing until the outcome is there."

Putin should be subjected to [a special] tribunal. 

A former ambassador to/from (?) Moldova asked the panel how to avoid now the "illusion" experienced in the 1990s that the Soviet Union would become more democratic after the nation's 1989 upheaval.

Mr. Volkov said, "we do not know."  It makes no sense to speculate until Putin is gone.  When Stalin died, it took three years to figure out his successor.  All his lieutenants started killing each other.  Right now, none of Putin's lieutenants are strong enough to become a leader. They are all very weak, hating each other.  It  will take three years at least to sort things out. No one knows the lieutenants.

Ms. Pevchikh: No one knows either, the exact number of Russians who have died in the war.  If you trust the government, the number is one to two thousand.  Russia's evening news about Ukraine lasts about 58 minutes. As far as the Russian ship sinking in mid-April, "they" just said "it went down and there was a fire." 

"A Russian soldier's life is worth nothing to Putin," Ms. Pevchikh said.  He has made the Russians think their sons' lives are nothing since "a life is worth sacrificing."

Only the poorest get conscripted, and so far, Putin is quite successful...at home.

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#StandingwithUkraine @White House, Lafayette Park

A reporter conducts an interview at the White House in the early evening hours, Feb. 27, 2022. The sign says: "I AM NOT UKRAINIA but I SUPPORT YOU"/Photo by Patricia Leslie 

His sign says:  "I AM RUSSIAN and I SUPPORT UKRAINE." I cropped his face so that Putin's assassins in Washington would not hunt him down. At the White House in the early evening hours, Feb. 27, 2022/Photo by Patricia Leslie 

#StandingwithUkraine at the White House in the early evening hours, Feb. 27, 2022. When Trump was in the White House, he had a 12-foot high wrought-iron railing fence installed around the White House and the People's Park, Lafayette Park to keep the people out. He was afraid of the people who were charged $1.5 million for his fence. President Biden took it down.  Thank you, President Biden!/Photo by Patricia Leslie

#StandingwithUkraine at the White House in the early evening hours, Feb. 27, 2022/Photo by Patricia Leslie 

Next Putin stop:  Alaska?  The sign in Lafayette Park at the White House in the early evening hours, Feb. 27, 2022/Photo by Patricia Leslie 

#StandingwithUkraine at the White House in the early evening hours, Feb. 27, 2022/Photo by Patricia Leslie 

The center sign says: "President Zelenskyy you are my Hero." The sign on the left says: "Georgia  Ukraine." At the White House in the early evening hours, Feb. 27, 2022/Photo by Patricia Leslie 

#Standingwith Ukraine at the White House in the early evening hours, Feb. 27, 2022/Photo by Patricia Leslie

Carrying Ukrainian flags, a group marches over to #StandwithUkraine at the White House in the early evening hours, Feb. 27, 2022/Photo by Patricia Leslie 

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Feminine dissidents in Russia

  

Pussy Riot, Feb. 14, 2012/By Denis Bochkarev, Creative Commons, Wikipedia

Russia has many feminist groups, but it has not been easy for them to connect or learn about the existence of similar organizations since communication isn't the greatest.

Thanks to samizdat and other means, though, that is changing.

This was the account by Ella Rossman and Dimitry Kozlov, both from Moscow's Higher School of Economics where Ms. Rossman is an historian and research assistant at the International Centre for the History and Sociology of World War II, and Mr. Kozlov is a research fellow at the Poletayev Institute for Theoretical and Historical Studies in the Humanities. 

With Valerie Sperling, political science professor from Clark University, they spoke and answered questions at a webcast titled Feminism in Russia: From Soviet Samizdat to Online Activism.

The Kennan Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars was the host with the Institute's Izabella Tabarovsky moderating.

Dr. Kozlov presented a brief history of samizdat, an underground system of communication which publishes and distributes by hand content free of the censor's pen. The purpose is to the plight of women in Russia, including inequalities they endure and assaults at home. 

Covid's rampage has alarmed authorities who worry the disease is causing an uptick in domestic violence. Many women are stuck at home with abusive husbands who are irritable from job loss and lack of work. 

The U.S. treats domestic violence more seriously than Russia where the crime dates back hundreds of years. In the 16th century, German Ambassador to Russia Baron Sigismund von Herberstein reported a man who beat his wife constantly (at her invitation) until the man finally beheaded her. He was not charged with any crime.*

Dr. Sperling, the author of Sex, Politics, and Putin: Political Legitimacy in Russia, briefly outlined the rise of the Russian feminist movement and its values which are perceived as threats to men.

"Feminism is dangerous precisely because it explicitly reveals and questions that patriarchal hierarchy where masculinity is valued over femininity.”

She continued: There is a need for action to protect women and to allow them voices in today's society. Religion is the natural enemy of all feminist values because they conflict with tradition.

Indeed, Yelena Mizulina, longtime member of the Russian Parliament, believes women should stay home, give birth,  raise children, and avoid the practice of science.

A major difficulty in the march towards freedom, acceptability, and equal rights in Russia has been myriad women's groups which, until more recently, were unaware of similarly likeminded gatherings, said Ms. Rossman. More than 300 events were produced by women in Russia last year.

She reported that between 30 to 40 feminist groups existed in Moscow in 2019 with many more found throughout the nation. Five years ago, feminist art galleries were "booming" in St. Peterburg.

Dr. Sperling described a 2015 account of a jailed rapist who received a prize from an art gallery which provoked a rebuttal prize from a woman's group to the gallery for its "amorality."

In 2014 a feminist group began giving awards to the biggest sexists of the year including one to a Russian leader who boasted that "when we take over America" (which Dr. Sperling noted didn't seem as strange now as it did then), anyone can punch anyone in the face in the U.S. whenever he hears the word "sexist."

Supporters attending a 2015 labor rally for women were sprayed with urine.

Trying to stop the feminist movement is like trying to hold back ocean waves. The movement grows, although at a much slower pace than many would like.

The webinar was spoken in Russian and English with translations available.

The Kennan introduction described the program:

Forty years ago, the Soviet Union expelled females dissidents for pubishing a samizdat journal where contributors considered pressures on women, the double standard in the nation and unequal treatment they received in the "supposedly egalitan society." Since then, many new groups of female activists have emerged in Russia demanding equality and recognition.

*Notes Upon Russia, A Translation of that Earliest Account Of That Country translated to English by R.H. Major of the British Museum and the Hakluyt Society by Baron Sigismund von Herberstein, Ambassador from the Court of Germany to the Grand Prince Vasiley Ivanovich in the Years 1517 and 1526

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At the think tanks: Dr. Fiona Hill

Fiona Hill/Wilson Center

Yes, that Fiona Hill. The one who testified at Trump's impeachment trial.

A former member of the National Security Council (2017-2019), she is a senior fellow at Brookings who spoke last week on a webcast hosted by the Kennan Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. 


Kennan director, Matthew Rojansky, led the discussion in a program titled: The Putin Profile: A Conversation with Dr. Fiona Hill.

Fiona Hill, center left, next to John Bolton, then U.S. National Security Advisor, meeting with Vladimir Putin, across the table, and other Russian leaders at the Kremlin, June 27, 2018/Wikimedia Commons, Kremlin.ru, CC

Vladimir Putin has practically sucked all the "oxygen" out of Russia with his international agenda and his neglect of domestic affairs, Dr. Hill began her talk. Hence, demonstrations throughout Russia (particularly in the Far East).

"Soviet times" had many more "checks and balances," but since 2000, Putin has become "the state."

Rather than paying attention to Russia, Putin focuses on the world at large, vying to become an "elder statesman." He wants to regain Russia's "seat at the table" and get Russia back in the mix as a great power with big global ambitions which explains his interest in Syria, Venezuela, Libya, the Middle East, and Africa. 

"'Hey!'" Putin says (quoting Dr. Hill): "'We've still got the ability to project force" and "be at the table."

He's "obsessed" with the U.S., but this "mud wrestling" does not advance his program.

One of the reasons Putin's leadership role in Russia was extended until possibly 2036 by approval last month of constitutional amendments, is because he was (is?) "increasingly seen as a "'lame duck.'"

"Where are all the fresh ideas?" to make Russia great? Perpetual cycles of conflict are "not very helpful." 

Answering a question from a viewer about Trump's  re-election, Dr. Hill said Putin has more to gain by "upsetting America" and "sowing discord" which will be more difficult for Russia to achieve if there's a large voter turnout in the U.S.

"It's clear he wants to see a weaker U.S. president no matter who he (sic) is." A "fairly diminished U.S. president" will be good for Russia. 

"The more we're in a fight with Russia," she said (she became a U.S. citizen in 2002), "the less we can focus on bigger issues."  Arms control is a "necessary endeavor."

The "heavy breathing" and "hysteria we have" in the U.S. about Russia cannot compare to what "we" should be focusing on when it comes to China.

She has met Putin several times and "in some respects, what you see is someone who's grown much more comfortable" in his role(s).

"He's decided to put on many faces," a man "who has thought a lot about his brand" (which threatens to grow stale), riding shirtless on a horse. All these actions "appear deliberate to signal his vigor to the rest of the world, because, 'Hey! Don't mess with me!'" is the message he tries to convey.

She was not saying, she emphasized, that "he's lost his edge," but he's "kind of lost [with] what's going on domestically."  

Mentioned several times during the conversation was her book, Mr. Putin: Operative at the Kremlin (2013), co-authored with Clifford Gaddy.

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At the think tanks: Czar for life?

Vladimir Putin, Feb. 20, 2020/Wikimedia, Kremlin


A tour guide in Moscow laughed when I bought a magnet at a gift shop with Vladimir Putin on one side and Dmitry Medvedev, Russia's president from 2008 to 2012, on the other side. With a gradual turning of the magnet, the pictures morphed into likenesses of each man.

"Putin will be premier for life," the tour guide joked. Seven years later, and it looks like she may be right.

Vladimir Putin meeting with permanent members of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, July 17, 2020/Kremlin

On July 1, 2020 Russian voters amended their constitution giving Putin the right to run for office in 2024 and extend his reign as Russia's president until 2036 when he'll be 84 years old.
 
Writes Oksana Antonenko in a report this month titled Winning the Referendum and Losing Legitimacy in Putin’s Russia:

"Once again [referring to the 1991 referendum], over 77 percent of voters (according to official results) voted in favour of the proposed package of 206 amendments. The large number of amendments was deliberately intended to disguise their true intent: to abolish the term limit for President Putin and to allow him to run again in 2024."*
 
Dr. Antonenko is a global fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars' Kennan Institute and based in Cambridge, U.K.

Last week at the Kennan in a Facebook live talk, scholars Eric Lohr from American University and Matthew Rojansky, Kennan director, discussed Mr. Putin's reign, What Two More Presidential Terms Mean for Putin’s Legacy.Without a hint of sarcasm, they referred to Putin throughout the presentation as "czar" .

If Putin makes it to 2036, Dr. Rojansky said, he will have served as Russia's leader longer than Joseph Stalin and Catherine the Great. (Ivan the Great, Ivan the Terrible, Peter the Great, were named, too, in different contexts.)

Dr. Lohr laughed when Dr. Rojansky asked him to project the likelihood of Putin making it to 2036: A lot can happen between now and then, he said. Events have a way of "suddenly turning."

In its 1000 year history, only two Russian leaders have retired from office before they died. (Test: Who were they?**) "Counter-acting forces" Dr. Lohr hinted, will likely end Mr. Putin's reign before 2036.


Dr. Lohr described Russian youth as "pretty apolitical now," but the Russian scene can change quickly and this group can "become something very powerful."  

Dr. Lohr noted that in France Napoleon won the title of consulate for life, but things didn't exactly work out that way.
 
Putin is able to blame local governments for most problems in Russia, said Rojansky, since nothing bad happens because of the president (paraphrasing Putin's nuances), ensuring his tenure, at least, for the time being.

Lohr explained that Russia's oligarchs want to keep Putin in office since they rely on him for their wellbeing and who wants to start all over and train someone new?
 
“It’s not just Putin’s will that matters here: it’s those with wealth, the so-called oligarchs, around him. They have an enormous amount to lose if he were to go, because then someone new would come in and redistribute wealth and power and etcetera. So I think it’s just as important that they are unwilling to see him go, but divining what his true intentions are is something that is beyond I think the skills of any of us Kremlin watchers.”

There's not a legitimate means to transfer Putin's power.

Most Russians today, Dr. Lohr said, are not thinking too much about politics: They are thinking about their mortgages, their children's schooling, and the economy. (For the past two months, Russia has sold more gold than natural gas, a first.)
Putin is "riding the nationalist tiger," said Lohr, especially after the Crimean invasion. A "turning point" can ignite "a sudden turn" in the environment.
 
The most important lesson to be learned from 1917, the start of the Russian revolution, Dr. Lohr said: "Never do it again."

Past czars had tradition and religion "on their side" but Putin has neither.

Answering a question from a viewer, Lohr said it was difficult to know if Putin holds more assets and is the richest person in the world. One of the new constitutional amendments passed prohibits elected leaders from holding foreign bank accounts, but it is suspected that a lot of Putin's wealth is tied up in other names, accounts, groups, funds, etc.
 
Dr. Lohr noted the Russians were "angered" that Russia was not invited to the 75th anniversary of the D-Day commemoration last year.

According to Dr. Lohr, "violence is usually a last resort" that governments use since it is a sign of weakness, not strength. (Writer's note: Portland, Oregon.)

When asked to cite good books to read, Dr. Lohr laughed and said he likes to get away from politics because "it's so depressing," but he is reading great Russian literature again, specifically, The Brothers Karamazov, this time with his son.

*Proposed amendments included acknowledging God, enshrining a minimum wage, banning same sex marriage, strengthening the powers of the State Duma, and banning territorial concessions.

**Yeltsin and Khrushchev

The grave of Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971). See Khrushchev's  bust in the center of the tombstone. Novodevichy Cemetery, Moscow/Photo by Patricia Leslie

The grave of Boris Yeltsin (1931-2007) at Novodevichy Cemetery, Moscow/Photo by Patricia Leslie

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